In the Lews description of covalent bond, the Bond Order is given by the number of bonds between the two atoms in a molecule. The bond order, for example in H2(with a single shared electron pair), in O2 (with a single shared electron pairs) and in N2  (with three shared electron pairs) …

Thermal energy is the energy of a body arising from motion of its atoms or molecules. It is directly proportional to the temperature of the substances. It is the measure of average Kinetic energy of the particles of the matter and is thus responsible for movement of particles. This move…

Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction and repulsion between interacting particles (atoms and molecules). This term does not include the electrostatic forces that exist between the two oppositetic charged ions and the forces that hold atoms of a molecule together  i.e., covale…

Absolute configuration: The actual three- dimensional structure of choral molecules. Absolute configurations are specified verbally by the R, S convention and represented on paper by Fischer projections. Absorption spectrum: A plot of wavelength of incident light versus amount of light …

The development of modern technology has brought tremendous changes to our life- styles in the last 30 years. One of the most significant changes has been the gradual replacement of natural materials, sut as wood, wool and cotton with man- made synthetic polymers. For better or worse, w…