The development of modern technology has brought tremendous changes to our life- styles in the last 30 years. One of the most significant changes has been the gradual replacement of natural materials, sut as wood, wool and cotton with man- made synthetic polymers. For better or worse, w…

Intermolecular forces are stronger in liquid state than in gaseous state. Molecules in liquids than in gaseous 'state'. Molecules in Liquids are so close that there is very little empty space between them and under normal conditions luquid aree denser than gases. Molecules of li…

It is one of the characteristic properties of liquids. Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow which arises due to the internal friction between layers of fluids as they slip. past one another while liquid flows.  Strong intermolecular forces between molecules hold them together an…

The first law of thermodynamics tells us about the relationship between the heat absorbed and the work performed on or by a system. It puts no restrictions on the direction of heat flow. However, the flow of heat is unidirectional from higher temperature to lower temperature. In fact, a…

In 1830, Michael Faraday showed that if electricity is passed through a solution of an electricity, chemical reactions occurred at the electrodes, which resulted in the liberation and deposition of matter at the electrodes. He formulated certain laws. These results suggested the particu…

You are already familiar with the term matter from your earlier classes. Anything which has mass and occupies speed is called matter. Everything around for example, book, pen 🖊️, pencil ✏️, water, air, all living beings etc, are composed of matter. You know that they have mass and they…

The term detergent (L., detergent = to wipe clean) is rather a general one and is used to denote any cleansing agant. This broad defination including soaps as well. However according to present- day popular terminology, the word  Detergent generally refers to synthetic detergents, also ca…

Kerosene oil is used in lamps for illumination purpose. The burning oil should not be sufficiently volatile at ordinary temperatures, otherwise it's vapour would form explosive mixture with air and thus making its use lamps a source of danger. Just a lighted match- strike or a smoul…

Petroleum is a complex of hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes and cycloalkanes. It occurs deep below earth's crust entrapped under rocky strata. It is taken out by drilling wells. The natural oil thus derived is a viscous black liquid. In its taken out by drilling wells Petroleum ( Latin, …

Proteins have defined three-dimensional structure.   There are a number of factors which determine the exact shape of a protein. These are a number of factors which determine  the exact shape of a protein. There are consider in terms of four levels of structural organisation called the pr…

Margarine, a substitute for butter, is manufactured in U.S.A, UK and other European countries in large quantities by the hydrogenation of vegetable oils and soft fats (Norman, 1902). And India 'Vanaspati' or 'Vegetable ghee' was first introduced after the first Word War …

It is well known fact liquids assume the shape of the container. Why is then small drops of mercury form sperical bead instead of spreading on the surface. Why do particles of soil at the bottom y river remain separated but they stick together whey taken out?  Why does a liquid rise (or…

If an evacuated container is partially filled with a liquid, a portion of liquid evaporates to fill the remaining volume of the container with vapour. Initially the liquid evaporates and vapour. Initially the liquid evaporates and pressure exerted by vapours on the walls of the containe…

The first of the thermodynamics tells us about the relationship between y heat absorbed and the work performed on  or by a system. It puts no restrictions on the direction of heat flow. However, the flow of heat is unidirectional from higher temperatures to heat is unidirectional from h…

"The rich diversity of chemical behaviour of different elements can be traced to the difference in the internal structure of atoms of these elements." The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time of early Indian and Greek philosophers (400B.C.) who were of the view …

Molecules result by the union of atoms. Before a comprehensive study of the structure of organic molecules could be made, it is necessary to know what an atom is; why and how combines with atoms to form molecules. Early Concept According to Bohr's atomic model (1913) an atom consist…

Proteins are probably the most complex materials produced in nature. The name protein in derived from the Greek word proteins, meaning 'of prime importance'. The name is well  chosen because proteins are the basic of protoplasm and are present in all living organisms. Without pr…

The development of modern has technology tremendous changes to our life-style in the last 30 years. One of most significant changes has been the gradual replacement of naturalaterial, such as wood, wool and cotton with man-made synthetic polymers. For better or worse, We are becoming a …