The first of the thermodynamics tells us about the relationship between y heat absorbed and the work performed on  or by a system. It puts no restrictions on the direction of heat flow. However, the flow of heat is unidirectional from higher temperatures to heat is unidirectional from h…

"The rich diversity of chemical behaviour of different elements can be traced to the difference in the internal structure of atoms of these elements." The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time of early Indian and Greek philosophers (400B.C.) who were of the view …

Molecules result by the union of atoms. Before a comprehensive study of the structure of organic molecules could be made, it is necessary to know what an atom is; why and how combines with atoms to form molecules. Early Concept According to Bohr's atomic model (1913) an atom consist…

Proteins are probably the most complex materials produced in nature. The name protein in derived from the Greek word proteins, meaning 'of prime importance'. The name is well  chosen because proteins are the basic of protoplasm and are present in all living organisms. Without pr…

The development of modern has technology tremendous changes to our life-style in the last 30 years. One of most significant changes has been the gradual replacement of naturalaterial, such as wood, wool and cotton with man-made synthetic polymers. For better or worse, We are becoming a …