In this article we shall study laws that govern thermal energy. We shall study the processes where work is converted into heat and vice versa. In winter, when we rub our palms together, we feel warmer; here work done in rubbing our palms together, we feel warmer; here work done in rubbing produces the 'heat'.
Conversely, in steam engine the little 'heat' of the steam is used to do useful work in moving the pistons, which in turn rotate the wheels of the train.
In physics, we need to define the notions of heat, temperature, work, etc. more carefully. Historically, it took a long time to arrive at the proper concept of 'heat'. Before the modern picture, heat was regarded vas a fine invisible fluid filling in the pores of a substance.
On contact between a hot body and a cold body, the fluid (called caloric) flowed from the colder to the hotter body! This is similar happens when a horizontal pipe connects two tanks containing water up to different heights. The flow continues until the levels of water in the two tanks are the same. Likewise, in the ' caloric temperature) equalise.
In time, the picture of heat as a fuild was discharded in favour of the modern concept of heat as a form of energy. An important experiment in this connection was due to Benjamin Thomson (also known as Count Rumford) in 1798. He observed that boring of a brass cannon generated a lot of heat, indeed enough to boil water. More significantly, the amount of heat produced depended on the work done (by the horses employed for turning the drill) but not on the sharpness of the drill. In the caloric picture, a sharper drill would scoop out more heat fluid form the pores; but this was not observed. A most natural examplanation of the observations was that heat was natural explanation of the observations was that heat was a form of energy and the explanation demonstrated conversion of energy from one form to another-work to heat.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the concept of heat and temperature and the inter- conversion of heat and other forms of energy. Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science. It deals with bulk system and does not go into the molecular constitution of matter. In fact, its concept and laws were formulated in the nineteen century before the molecular picture of matter was firmly established.
Thermodynamics description involves relatively few macroscopic variable of the system, which are suggested by common sense and be usally measured directly.
